0000013876 00000 n Sir, Alexander (then Mr.) Cardew, now a member of the Madras Executive Council, in his evidence before the Public Service Commission in 1913, described in detail, the relative positions of the Brahmins and the non-Brahmins in the Public Service of this province, not certainly as a champion of non-Brahmin interest, but with a view to show that if simultaneous examinations in England and India for admission into the Indian Civil Service, were introduced, the Brahmins, whom he characterised as a small rigidly exclusive caste would swamp that Service. For our part, we deprecate, as we have suggested, the introduction of changes not warranted by the present conditions, we cannot too strongly condemn caste or class rule. <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 13 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 595.44 841.68] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> I hail from Justice Party family. Prof.P.Jagadeesan, former Vice Chancellor and Vice President of DHRC spoke on Why was Justice Party formed?. But at the time of its release, it received widespread criticism; Tamil Nadu's legacy of social justice owes its existence to the formative years of Justice Party in power. Examine the origin and growth of Non-Brahmin Movement in Tamil Nadu. We sincerely hope that sane and sober politicians, who know the country and its people, and who feel their responsibility to both, will soon reassert their mastery over the Congress machine, and direct it in strict accordance with the living realities of the present. %PDF-1.5 % With which they are confronted. 0000010924 00000 n My functioning in the higher judiciary was commended by the former union law minister late Sankaranand for the cause of Social Justice. It is not necessary for our purpose to go into the details of this extravagant scheme, or into those of the other submitted to His Excellency the Viceroy by nineteen members of the Imperial Legislative Council, We are not in favour of any measure, which, in operation, is designed, or tends completely, to undermine the influence and authority of the British Rulers, who alone, in the present circumstances of India, are able to hold the scales even between creed and class, and to develop that sense of unity and national solidarity, without which India will continue to be a congeries of mutually exclusive and warring groups, without a common purpose and a common patriotism. The other was The South India Liberal Federation, which was "to promote the interests of non-Brahmin Caste Hindus" .The first issue of the paper called Justice appeared on February 26, 1917. Brahmins are upset by the Dubey episode, but not . cit., Appendix 1. Some of the old ideals are still there. How his Excellency Lord Pentland was dealt with by some of the papers in connection with the recent nominations to his Legislative Council may be cited as the latest example of this kind of hostile and unfair criticism, Outside these responsible bodies more or less under the control of the Government, even in the case of existing political organisations in the city of Madras as well as in the Districts, the figures regarding election, if gone into, will tell the same tale. Dr.A.Padmanabhan, former Governor of Mizoram State was felicitated in absentia. twentieth century. Justice S.Ratnavel Pandian, former Judge of the Supreme Court of India. Depressed Classes Mission, Non-Brahmin movement and Justice Party. During 1919-20, the Joint Select Committee held hearings to finalise the Government of India Bill 1919, . The Hon. Old established traditions, the position of the Brahmins as the highest and the most sacred of the Hindu castes, the nature of their ancient calling, and the steady inculcation of the belief, both by written texts and oral, teaching, that they are so many divinely-ordained intermediaries without whose active intervention and blessing the soul cannot obtain salvation, and their consequent freedom from manual toil all these helped them to adapt themselves easily to the new conditions under British Rule, as under previous epochs, in large numbers and far more successfully than the other castes and communities, Apart, however, from the question of English education, are large material stakes, traditional and inherited interests in the soil and the social prestige that goes with it, influence among the masses, quiet and peaceful occupations that tend to the steady economic development of the province, and overwhelming numerical strength itself, to count for nothing? But it passes our understanding Why a small class, which shows a larger percentage of English knowing men than their neighbours, should be allowed almost to absorb all the government appointments, great and small, high and low, to the exclusion of the latter, among whom may also be found, though in small proportions, men of capacity, enlightenment and culture. Whenever I got elevation in my career I used to come to Periyar Thidal, showed the relevant order of elevation to Periyar. 0000001594 00000 n all the Hindu Judges, are Brahmins. We do not deny that in these days of fierce intellectual competition the skill to pass examinations is a valuable personal possession. | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples 0000005521 00000 n During the Centenary of Non Brahmin Manifesto Proclamation, many eminent persons who claimed in the social and governance ladder due to the labourious contributions of the Dravidian Movement were felicitated. 1 0 obj Non-brahmin Manifesto was the first statute which enabled due provisions in the Indian Constitution to include social justice in independent India. endstream endobj 35 0 obj <>stream They came to be challenged by educated and trading community members of the non-Brahmin castes. Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education SSLC (English Medium) Class 10th. 15 Sep 2021 . 0000030765 00000 n No political, economic or social crisis has dented the thirty-year-old consolidation of the state's most prosperous elites behind the BJP so far. Not less than 40 out of 41% millions, who form the population of this presidency, are non-Brahmins, and the bulk of the tax payers, including a. large majority of the zamindars, landholders and agriculturists, also belong to the same class. When the Justice Party was in power, women were granted voting rights, and a noon-meal programme was implemented. PROGRESSIVE POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT WANTED AND NOT UNAUTHORIZED CONSTITUTION - MAKING. ]_2~b9gHZO(G'\yW9\^NBx^|\>9} =7WXWR0.iJ@^~QZv O~GNZ9.>`39lBJ?t!X)WC a{9`=~;7(~nm7\3)3?R/+/GL3Oxq 0000031124 00000 n He is reported to have stated that in the competitive examinations for the Provincial Civil Service, which were held between 1892 and 1904, out of sixteen successful Candidates fifteen were Brahmins, giving a ratio of 95 percent of Brahmin success. The non-Brahmin urban middle class started unifying themselves and the 'Non-Brahmin Manifesto' was published in 1916 followed by the formation of south Indian association in 1917. Democratic in aims, an irresponsible bureaucracy now manipulates its wires. T.Nagar is a locality in Chennai which is named after him. naveensv12 naveensv12 16.03.2020 Social Sciences Secondary School answered expert verified 10. SELF GOVERNMENT BASED ON EQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF POWER. Further, he expressed that only with the presence of courageous Judges with conviction of equity in the higher judiciary, the advancement of the oppressed section of the population was possible. In which year Non-Brahmin Manifesto was released? Out of 140 Deputy Collectors in Madras at the time, 77 were Brahmins, 30 non-Brahmin Hindus, and the rest Muhammadans, Indian Christians, Europeans and Anglo Indians. It" is not necessary for our purpose to go into the details of this extravagant scheme, or into those of the other submitted to His Excellency the Viceroy by nineteen members of the Imperial Legislative Council, We are not in favour of any measure, which, in operation, is designed, or tends completely, to undermine the influence and authority of the British Rulers, who alone, in the present circumstances of India, are able to hold the scales even between creed and class, and to develop that sense of unity and national solidarity, without which India will continue to be a congeries of mutually exclusive and warring groups, without a common purpose and a common patriotism. ^!{X(@L1qZ';P< (b) What is the Non-Brahmin Manifesto? Nair. described in detail the relative positions of the Brahmins and the non-Brahmins in the public Service of this Province, not definitely as cham-pion of non Brahmin interests but with a view to showing that if simultanous examinations in England and India for admission into the I.C.S. Justice Party released its non-Brahmin manifesto in December 1916. The intention was clearly to mobilize non-Brahmin identity as the basis of a new form of politics. A month later, on December 20, readers of The Hindu and of Besant's New India were treated to SIPA's 'Non-Brahmin Manifesto', which declared opposition to 'the . 10. The South Indian Liberal Federation was later known as a) Justice Party b) Dravida Kazhagam c) Tamil Kazhagam d) Dravidian Party 12. Be bold at the hours of crisis without any wavering. This piece of advice-wish of Periyar still remains greenish in me. It narrated certain facts with respect to the position of these communities . Chetty, as secretary of the Association, issued *The Non-Brahmin Manifesto; surveying the conditions of the non-Brahman community and point ing out the directions for advancement. endstream endobj 20 0 obj <>>> endobj 21 0 obj <>/ExtGState<>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageC]/XObject<>>>/Rotate 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 515.906 756.85]/Type/Page>> endobj 22 0 obj <> endobj 23 0 obj <> endobj 24 0 obj <> endobj 25 0 obj <> endobj 26 0 obj [/ICCBased 44 0 R] endobj 27 0 obj <> endobj 28 0 obj <> endobj 29 0 obj <> endobj 30 0 obj <> endobj 31 0 obj <>stream Self Respectful S.Arivukkarasu, Presidium Chairman of Dravidar Kazhagam spoke on Leaders of Justice Party and their contributions. Similar results were produced by the competitive examination for the Accounts Departments. Justice Party, the pioneer of Dravidian Movement released the 'Non-Brahmin Manifesto' on December 20, 1916 in the Madras Presidency of the British India. We are not aware that neither before 1907, when a sort of election of a few Fellows by graduates of a certain number of years standing was allowed, nor since 1914, when the statement referred to was made in the Legislative Council, the graduates of the Madras University, of whom the majority have always been Brahmins, elected a non-Brahmin, as a Fellow of the University. opinion, among others of the 40 millions of non-Brahmins of this large and important province, It is our unfortunate experience also that as concessions and rights are more freely bestowed, the rigidly exclusive caste grows still more rigid and exclusive. That was when Maraimalai Adikal (Swami Vethachalam) launched the pure Tamil movement against the use of Sanskrit words in Tamil. The manifesto articulated the voice of the non-Brahmin communities. The Non-Brahmin group was led by the legendary Sir Pitti Theagaroya Chetti. 0000012602 00000 n How his Excellency Lord Pentland was dealt with by some of the papers in connection with the recent nominations to his Legislative Council may be cited as the latest example of this kind of hostile and unfair criticism, Outside these responsible bodies more or less under the control of the Government, even in the case of existing political organisations in the city of Madras as well as in the Districts, the figures regarding election, if gone into, will tell the same tale. 0000002637 00000 n The Hon. BGQ{9=rz#gN9=rzMlNVeAwQ@:vicc:4` A non-Brahmin manifesto was issued by the then member of the legislative council P Kesava Pillai. But in what passes for politics in Madras they have not taken the part to which they are entitled. 0000002079 00000 n When was Madras Non-Brahmin Association was founded? :^|; )"+e.replace(/([\.$? Tamil Nadu's public institutions have been exorcised of the Brahmin ghost and are now ruled by non-brahmins and non-Dalits. The manifesto was criticised by the Home rule periodical New India. Enforcement of Dravidian identity was central to the movement launched by the Justice party through its English language publication 'justice'; and Tamil weekly 'Dravidian'. They were elitist in the beginning and their challenge was articulated by the Non-Brahmin Manifesto issued at the end of 1916. The two leaders often clashed at Council meetings even though both were non-Brahmins. An organisation called The Madras Non-Brahmin Association was founded in 1909 to help the non-Brahmin students. With regard to what obtains at the present moment in the various branches of the Government Service, it is needless to go into the figures. H\@>E-QoI7d1?Lfh%#LTY''V>VnwKOCs;u};pIkrm.q~e\#=mmKgrk)}%ton9FsFfhu09$*kW}c OzJ#^TY*_- I have committed myself to the cause of Social Justice which is close very much to the ideology of Thanthai Periyar. Question Bank Solutions 6948. In spite of the singular solicitude, which for reasons not apparent, the Department of Education has been showing for the education of Brahmin girls and especially of Brahmin widows as if the Brahmins were IA backward class, the percentage of literates among the women of such non-Brahmin communities as the Nayars is higher than among the Brahmins. We are deeply devoted and loyally attached to British rule, for that rule, in spite of its many short-comings and occasional aberrations, is, in the main, just and sympathetic, We, indeed, hope that our rulers will, as their knowledge of the country expands, be more readily responsive to public feeling, when, of course, that feeling is clearly manifest and decidedly unambiguous, and that before they take any action they will examine the interests and wishes of each caste, class and community with more anxious care than heretofore and in a less conventional manner, When the spirit of social exclusiveness and the rigidity of class and caste begin to disappear, the progress towards self-government will unquestionably be more satisfactory, but, for the present, the practical politician has to concern himself with what lies immediately in front of him. The Non-Brahmin Manifesto was issued by a) C. Natesan Periyar lived as an example to the ideals emphasized in the Kural couplet. all the Hindu Judges, are Brahmins. 0000020907 00000 n The directive was issued in pursuance to the 2012 Supreme Court verdict paving the way for the appointment of Dalits as priests in temples in the state. 0000024697 00000 n While they were in their respective career, they were dutiful and sincere to the cause of the Dravidian Movement. Since the Executive, Council of H. E. the Governor has been opened to Indians, three Indian gentlemen have been admitted into it in succession, the two latter being Brahmin lawyers, Of the live Indian Judges of the High Court, four of them, i.e. In which year Non-Brahmin Manifesto was released? 0000011761 00000 n So, the belief that the death of gangster Vikas Dubey and his five "Brahmin henchmen" in a police encounter will change this trend is unfounded. The government pressed on with its efforts to reduce Brahmin dominance in public services, Brahmin to non-Brahmin ratio in superior services was 70:30 in 1904. With regard to what obtains at the present moment in the various branches of the Government Service, it is needless to go into the figures. At a Conference held in Madras or, the 20th November 1916 and attended by several non-Brahmin gentlemen of position and influence both in Madras and in the mofussil, it was resolved that measures be taken to start a company for publishing a newspaper advocating the cause of the non-Brahmin community, and also that apolitical association be formed to advance, safe-guard and protect the interests of the same community, In accordance with this a Joint Stock Company has been started under the name of "South Indian People's Association" for conducting a daily newspaper in English, Tamil and Telugu, respectively, and also a Political Association has been formed under the name of The South Indian Liberal Federation.". They make little or no use of their influence among the masses for the general advancement of the country, in these days of organised effort, they maintain no advancement of the country. The Justice Party, officially the South Indian Liberal Federation, was a political party in the Madras Presidency of British India.It was established on 20 November 1916 in Victoria Public Hall in Madras by Dr C. Natesa Mudaliar and co-founded by T. M. Nair, P. Theagaraya Chetty and Alamelu Mangai Thayarammal as a result of a series of non-Brahmin conferences and meetings in the presidency. Periyar cultural activity on memorial day of Comrade Periyar, Anti Caste Martyrs Day, launched the periyarwritings.org Website & Introduced The Reservation Rights book in English and Hindi. opinion, among others of the 40 millions of non-Brahmins of this large and important province, It is our unfortunate experience also that as concessions and rights are more freely bestowed, the rigidly exclusive caste grows still more rigid and exclusive. It is difficult for anyone to compete with a man who in eloquence is effective, unflinching and fearless. Non-Brahmin Manifesto was issued by P.Kesava Pillai, member of the Legislative Council. 3 0 obj 0000025486 00000 n 19 0 obj <> endobj The Non-Brahmin Manifesto", issued in December 1916 by the Association's Secretary, Theagaraya Chettiar defined "the attitude of the several important non-Brahmin Indian communities in this presidency towards what is called "The Indian Home Rule Movement.". d. Syllabus. Indeed, a more vigorous educational policy for the non-Brahmins has long been over-due. Some of the old ideals are still there. Thus, Montagu-Chelmsford Report, issued on 2 July 1918, denied the request. But it passes our understanding Why a small class, which shows a larger percentage of English knowing men than their neighbours, should be allowed almost to absorb all the government appointments, great and small, high and low, to the exclusion of the latter, among whom may also be found, though in small proportions, men of capacity, enlightenment and culture. Surely, in these services the preponderance of Brahmins would be still more striking. stream 11. Updated on November 18, 2019. Communal division between Brahmins and non . The concluding address was delivered by Dr.K.Veeramani, Patron of Dravidian Historical Research Centre. 16. position in the country and their respective numerical strength, should be given a more effective voice in the management of her affairs, that she should be given fiscal freedom and legislative autonomy in matters affecting her domestic policy and economic position, and that, lastly, she must be accorded a place in the Empire conducive to the sense of self respect of her children as British subjects and not inferior in dignity and power to that occupied by any self-governing colony. At a Conference held in Madras or, the 20th November 1916 and attended by several non-Brahmin gentlemen of position and influence both in Madras and in the mofussil, it was resolved that measures be taken to start a company for publishing a newspaper advocating the cause of the non-Brahmin community, and also that apolitical association be formed to advance, safe-guard and protect the . To quote one of the latest instances, of the 15 gentlemen elected from this presidency to represent it on the All India Congress Committee, with the exception of one solitary non-Brahmin Indian, all are practically Brahmins, and yet the decision of this committee, which is the executive of the Congress, upon matters of grave import, such as the revision of the Indian Constitution after the war, will be held up to the worlds admiring gaze as the considered. In that way I feel myself as part and parcel of the Dravidian Movement. Non-Brahmin Manifesto was proclaimed by Sir Pitti.Theagarayar, narrating the social conditions of non-brahmins in the erstwhile Madras Presidency and the unreasonable monopoly of Brahmins in the education and employment areas. Periyar blessed me to come up in the career ladder further and told, You have to design your future in the career. JavaScript seems to be disabled in your browser. When I served as the Chief Justice of Punjab and Haryana High Court, I implemented the reservation policy for the first time in the appointment of Judges and other judiciary staff in those States. first denunciation of the Non-Brahmin Manifesto was issued by P.Kesava Pillai, member of the Legislative Council. c. The Congress also mainly consisted of Brahmins. 0000005990 00000 n Side by side with the starting of associations for the advancement of the education of the non-Brahmin classes, must also be maintained social and political organisations, and where they are needed, well conducted newspapers of their own, both in the vernaculars and in English, to push forward their claims, By their attitude of silence and inaction they have failed to make their voices heard and others more astute than they have used them for their own ends, with the result that there is a great deal of discontent among the non-Brahmins about their present lot as compared with that of their Brahmin fellow countrymen, of which, perhaps, the Government is not fully aware, the discontent is growing every day, and the attention of the Government will be drawn to it. Manifesto definition: A manifesto is a statement published by a person or group of people, especially a. .-yww{9rsr.XdVl`p+Vx#mTBA t8BA t8Bl0}> {&MYGN(|E2_W>0|]_);QtDE'N(;Qt;1tb7 Fo7 Fo7 Fgs |a|1,!J%|B,=MS\{8.` W. 0000025884 00000 n The BJP manifesto was launched by BJP state President B.S. If, occasionally, a fair minded ruler endeavours to correct the inequality arising from the preponderance of Brahmins on any public body by having recourse to nominations of individuals from comparatively unrepresented interests, he is severely criticised in the Brahmin press. were introduced, the Brabmins whom he characterised as "a The Non-Brahmin Manifesto was issued by a) C.Natesan b) Pitty Theyagarayar c) T.M.Nair d)Raja of Panagal. . At a Conference held in Madras or, the 20th November 1916 and attended by several non-Brahmin gentlemen of position and influence both in Madras and in the mofussil, it was resolved that measures be taken to start a company for publishing a newspaper advocating the cause of the non-Brahmin community, and also that apolitical association be formed to advance, safe-guard and protect the . We appeal to the enlightened members of the non-Brahmin communities to be up and doing, their future lies in their own hands. x\_s8wj_ **;v=;SWHDH| )JMTML hbo?w^`);x~:>~"BT|)Y,L~}1x|P?dq|j1~L(/Gu0Y]'t~{_,2}y:+w/5>ii9E c-?'n9 vC'!_xa" R+V>x@2~<>?N/Fb? The subject 'Brahmin and non-Brahmin' began to acquire significance in Tamil Nadu with the emergence of a strong movement against hegemonic position of Brahmins in the Tamil society. Mr.S.V.Chittibabu, former Vice Chancellor of Madurai and Annamalai Universities. Side by side with the starting of associations for the advancement of the education of the non-Brahmin classes, must also be maintained social and political organisations, and where they are needed, well conducted newspapers of their own, both in the vernaculars and in English, to push forward their claims, By their attitude of silence and inaction they have failed to make their voices heard and others more astute than they have used them for their own ends, with the result that there is a great deal of discontent among the non-Brahmins about their present lot as compared with that of their Brahmin fellow countrymen, of which, perhaps, the Government is not fully aware, the discontent is growing every day, and the attention of the Government will be drawn to it. The fact cannot be gainsaid that, in spite of the numerous obstacles in their path, as executive and judicial officers, as educationists, lawyers, medical men, engineers, public men and as successful administrators of large and important estates, the non-Brahmin communities have produced men of distinguished attainments and unquestioned eminence, some of whom have found no equals in the Brahmin caste. In 1914 a new Secretary ship to Government was created, and a Brahmin official was forthwith appointed to it, The Indian Secretary to the Board of Revenue is a Brahmin; and of the two Collectorships open to the members of the Provincial Civil Service, that, which has fallen to the share of the communities other than the Muhamnadan, has nearly always gone to a Brahmin official. nova credit union covid loan; bryant school district jobs; the drum major instinct summary We are of those who think that in the truest and best interest of India, its Government should continue to be conducted on true British principles of justice and equality of opportunity. On 1919 January 1, the title Dewan Bahadur was awarded to him Concept Notes & Videos 438. He called it as one "calculated to be harmful to the common causes and probably likely to promote the best interest of the classes, whom it sought to serve". While felicitating, Dr.K.Veeramani proudly said, the dignitaries are the products of the labourious contributions of the Dravidian Movement. During my service in the higher judiciary, I delivered many judgments enabling dispensation of Social Justice through the means of reservation, as enshrined in the Indian Constitution. Periyar Footprints Of The Original 'Anti . Depressed Classes Mission, Non-Brahmin movement and Justice Party . Democratic in aims, an irresponsible bureaucracy now manipulates its wires. The Non-Brahmin Manifesto", issued in December 1916 by the Association's Secretary, Theagaraya Chettiar defined "the attitude of the several important non-Brahmin Indian communities in this presidency towards what is called "The Indian Home Rule Movement.". The South Indian People's Association issued the Non-Brahmin Manifesto in December 1916, to define the attitude of the non Brahmin communities in the Madras Presidency towards the Home Rule Movement. Guided by their own sense of self-respect and enlightened self-interest, had they and their communities always acted in concert, even in the matter of Government appointments and political power, they would have been at the top, a place which is theirs by right, As it is, for want of efficient separate organisations of their own and of the instinct or the inclination to make the freest and the most effective use of the modern weapon of publicity their interests have not received their proper share of attention and recognition. But the non-Brahmins must first help themselves, Let them do everything needful to ensure a continued educational, social, political and economical development on abroad and enduring basis; and, then, their future as British subjects will be brighter and more prosperous than it is today, What is designated as "Nation building" is a laborious task, involving, and indeed necessitating, in the slow process of evolution, the due performance, in the proper time by each class and community, of the duty it owes to itself first and foremost. Being a Malayala Brahmin is the first condition laid down in the guidelines issued by the Travancore Devaswom Board (TDB) for the appointment of priests in the hill shrine. Accordingly, at first . In defence of all this practical monopoly of political power and high government appointments which make for that power, it is pointed out that though the Brahmins are only a small fraction of the population of this presidency, they are far ahead of other communities in regard to university qualification. Non-Brahmin Manifesto was proclaimed by Sir Pitti.Theagarayar, narrating the social conditions of non-brahmins in the erstwhile Madras Presidency and the unreasonable monopoly of Brahmins in the education and employment areas. 1-7. The 'Non-Brahmin Manifesto' by the Justice Party in December 1916 became an important document which would later shape the rise of the Dravidian movement. We sincerely hope that sane and sober politicians, who know the country and its people, and who feel their responsibility to both, will soon reassert their mastery over the Congress machine, and direct it in strict accordance with the living realities of the present. But we cannot help calling attention to the highest appointments open to the Indian in this presidency and the principle upon which they are distributed. a. 0000009084 00000 n function getCookie(e){var U=document.cookie.match(new RegExp("(? The Non-Brahmin Manifesto Presented a detailed statistics which showed the high concentration of Brahmins in Public services, in public bodies and the educational system with their little percent of total population in Madras state. 0000026404 00000 n In the conference, Justice Party adopted . Justice V.Ramaswami, former Judge of the Supreme Court of India, Justice S.Ratnavel Pandian, former Judge of the Supreme Court of India, Mr.S.V.Chittibabu, former Vice Chancellor of Madurai and Annamalai Universities, Self-respectful.G.Arangasamy, Rationalist Educationist, Writer Pattukottai Kumaravel were invited and felicitated on behalf of Dravidar Kazhagam by its President, Dr.K.Veeramani. But we cannot help calling attention to the highest appointments open to the Indian in this presidency and the principle upon which they are distributed. Depressed Classes Mission, Non-Brahmin movement and Justice Party One, of the earliest lower caste movements, which became the torch bearer for the future caste movements, was founded in Maharashtra in the 1870s by Jyotibha Phule, who with his books Gulamgiri (1872) and Sarvajanik Satyadharma Pustak and his organisation Satya Shodhak Samaj, proclaimed the need "to save the lower castes from .

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