You might struggle to find the right words - particularly if the mourning family speaks Spanish. 3) Mi sentido psame Mis sentidas condolencias. Alternatively, if you know the pet is ill, buy the card early. If their loved one was passionate about music, mention what great taste they had. Nunca es un momento fcil y compartimos su dolor. Greeting Cards Sympathy Sympathy Scripture quotations are from the 2013 revised English New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures unless otherwise noted. Tell them you're sorry. You can't take away their pain. Many people prefer email to letters because they think it is less personal. Disclpame por no venir antes a ofrecerte mis condolencias.I am sorry for not coming sooner to offer my condolences. 3. Its great being able to interact with native speaking people and having a conversation with them not just doing all the work on paper. "Remembering and honoring you on this day, one year after this world lost a precious soul.". Manuel, sentimos mucho tu prdida. You can count on us. She was the most loving neighbor and cooked delicious food. As youll notice, some of the phrases we list are similar to what you would say in English. If you know your family members deceased loved one, make the message more personal. A bit more direct, but also very commonly used. make sure that you maintain a respectful tone throughout the message and avoid talking about the cause of death of the deceased person. I am sending my deepest sympathies and keeping you and your children in my thoughts. Gracias para este leccion y para todos sugerencias. "It's been a year since you passed and your presence is always missed.". Aprendamos cmo ofrecer condolencias en espaol.Lets learn how to offer condolences in Spanish. Mis pensamientos y oraciones estn contigo y con tu familia. When the time comes that you need to support someone after a death in their family or other major loss, its never easy. " [Pet's name] was so lucky to have chosen you. . I know how difficult this must be. Mrs, our deepest condolences. Our deepest condolences; Juan was very strong, an admirable man. Its very sad news. $2.42 $1.21 ( Save 50%) Spanish Guadalupe Mary Funeral Prayer Holy Card. I'm thinking of you during this difficult time. Rest in peace, Grandad. Mis condolencias, l era un hombre muy responsable. No spam! By the end of this article, youll know many ways to offer your condolences in Spanish. Sympathy cards are usually sent to the deceaseds next of kin. Informal Spanish: Te deseamos un muy feliz y alegre cumpleaos. Were sorry for the loss of Professor Lpez. Cualquier cosa que necesites. from now! Dale mis ms sinceras condolencias a tu mam, por favor. This is never an easy time and we share your pain. Another common way to offer your condolences in Spanish is by using the expression lamento tu prdida which can be translated as I am sorry for your loss. My deep condolences Immediately followed by either one of these: Lamento mucho esta gran prdida I deeply regret this great loss Lamento mucho la muerte de [nombre] I deeply regret the loss of [name] Bereavement/ Offering Sympathy. Im at your side for whatever you might need. "You're not alone. This short version of lo siento mucho allows you to mention the thing or situation that youre sorry for. There are many reasons you may send a sympathy card later than that, including finding out about the persons death later or not knowing what to say in the card, and thats OK. No matter when you send the card, your note will be appreciated. Todos los das agradezco haber conocido a tu mam.I feel grateful every day for having known your mom . Words of comfort are just not enough at this time. Nuestro ms sentido psame. Start the letter with the grieving person's first name if you know them well, or put "Dear" before their name if your relationship is more distant, or you don't know them at all. A heartfelt sympathy card may be the comfort they need to get them through that day. From students and tourists to doctors and soldiers whove moved and visited here over the years. ", My comfort in my suffering is this: your promise preserves my life. Psalms 119:50, Blessed are those who mourn, for they will be comforted. Matthew 5:4, Peace I leave with you; my peace I give to you. What sadness. An envelope is included with each greeting card. My thoughts and prayers are with you and your family. Te/Le acompao en el sentimiento (my deepest sympathy) This one is used when we speak with someone who has lost a loved one. ", "He was a loyal friend and played a significant role in my life. You gave them the best life. Spanish that Spanish You dont have to reinvent the wheel just keep it more conversational rather than formal. Lo siento mucho. Klaus, lamentamos la prdida de tu pap. "Let me know how can I help" is another popular phrase. www.jumpstartyourspanish.com, Learning Spanish Buena suerte! ", "[Pet] was so lucky to have chosen you. Sign up for a free trial class today! There are a few components every sympathy message needs to contain: A personalized greeting, acknowledgment of the persons death, a message of condolence (can be combined with acknowledgment), an anecdote or memory depending on your relationship, and a warm closing. Sharing comforting words of care when someone is grieving a death is a way of connecting with others and being empathetic. I hope you find what youre looking here during your journey into Espaol Read More About Me, Costar Conjugation 101: Conjugate Costar In Spanish. When somebody is going through a tough time, its always a good idea to offer to help them. Send a gift like some of the ones mentioned above. A quick "sorry for your loss" is usually not enough for the grieving to feel supported or seen. Klauss, were sorry for the loss of your dad. Im so sorry to hear of her passing. . 4. Today's Spanish Phrases come as a request from one of our website readers, Guayaluz Titerroy who wanted to learn how to express unpleasant stuff such as condolences in Spanish, perhaps upon the death of a person we might know. St Jude Spanish Prayer Cards. Zero to conversational in a month. He will be missed. Custom-tailored to fit your needs, you choose your program, schedule, favorite teachers, pace of learning, and more.. Zero to advanced. Ending a card with love may not be appropriate for a coworker, whereas From may be too impersonal for someone youve known for years. Learn more here. Te acompaamos en el sentimiento, Andrea. Another very common phrase, which means Im with you in this moment of grief, and is normally used when sending condolences for the loss of a relative. I am so sorry to hear about Johns passing. In other words, lo siento mucho is a more familiar and casual way to give condolences in Spanish. Check out our spanish memorial selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our shops. For that reason, in this article, Ill provide the 5 most common ways to say and express your condolences in Spanish. Es una noticia muy triste. [Direct object pronoun] + [acompaar conjugated] + [complement]. Unlike other thank you cards, you don't need to worry . Express your sympathy. Keep the focus on the bereaved and not on yourself. Their pain will . I hope you have a blast. Hes been with Luisa the entire time and we absolutely love her. In formal contexts, you might not know the person who has passed away. Get my exclusive Spanish content delivered straight to your inbox. Que descanse en paz. Here is a list of extra vocabulary and expressions that are related to offering condolences in Spanish. 1. Receive my earnest sympathy for your loss. Thanks. ", "I am honored to have known your ___ I am so sorry to hear about your loss. One of the most difficult things in this unhappy situation is knowing what to say. Manuel, were very sorry for your loss. Siempre tena una sonrisa en la cara.She was very kind to me. If youre sending the card on behalf of the office, consider these sympathy notes: What do you say to someone you dont know very well when theyre grieving? Lamento tu prdida, Vernica. I'm praying for you and your family. Necesitas que te ayude con..? Just commiserate with their loss.) "There is a land of the living and a land of the dead and the bridge is love, the only . Share a memory, reflection, or appreciation. Lamento mucho que la has perdido a tu madre. 4. Even if you know them well and know them to be religious, you may not necessarily know how devout they are. Pick up the phone, write a letter or a card, send some flowers, express your sympathy, and ask what they would like you to do. Reach out on important anniversaries (wedding, birthday, death) to let them know youre thinking of them. Girls, Im very sorry about your dad. Were here for you. 8) Puedes contar conmigo para lo que necesites. Lets start by looking at some essential vocabulary to describe death and loss in Spanish. A grieving person, whether theyre a close friend or a colleague, will always appreciate kind words during a difficult time. If you arent sure of what to at any time, simply show your support by letting them you know are there for them. Lo siento mucho, amiga! Are there any other phrases for expressing condolences in Spanish that youd like to see here? I love learning from different cultures and trying their cuisines. S lo difcil que debe ser esto. in Latin American studies from the University of Texas. Celebrating an amazing life and wishing you comfort in your memories. As a Spanish learner, your goal may be to be able to successfully communicate in different contexts. Many of the things you choose to write to someone in a sympathy card can also be spoken to them in person. Dont worry about explaining why your card is coming to them late your message is all they need. Nuestro ms sentido psame, Juan era muy fuerte, un hombre admirable. Check out the Graphic Art Design store for other products that match this design! When you're just not sure what to say, don't be afraid to say something simple, like "I'm sorry for your loss" or "I'm thinking of you in this heartbreaking time.". Es muy triste. ", "I wish your family didnt have to know this pain. Our thoughts are with you. Sending you love., Whenever I see ___ I think of your ___ and their love of ___ I am so sorry for your loss. If you want to give something more personal, consider bringing the grieving family food. Ill never forget the impact they had on my life. 4) Acabo de enterarme de esta triste noticia. May you find comfort in knowing you are not alone in your sorrow and cared for so much by many. When you send condolences, you recognize the loss of a persons loved one. Even though most of the time you might use your Spanish when traveling, talking to your friends or simply practicing for your class, there are some sad and unfortunate situations where you might need to express condolences in Spanish. Please call right away if you need anything. He was a very responsible man. Matthew 5:4. Nuestras ms sinceras condolencias por la prdida de su esposo. Mrcame a la hora que sea si necesitas platicar.Call me anytime if you need to talk. Lo sentimos muchsimo, tu mam era una gran persona. Here are ideas to get you started. Here are 5 ideas on what to write in a sympathy card to express support and love: 1. Based on the Word Net lexical database for the English Language. Instead, say something such as: "I'm so sorry for your loss.". You made your dad proud every single day. Take Note: Keep in mind that, just like Im sorry, lo siento can also be used in other contexts as a way to apologize in Spanish. A year without you is almost too much to bear.". I share your grief. Don't be late in sending the card: Send out your sympathy card as soon as possible after learning the difficult news.. Quiero que sepa que puede contar conmigo para lo que necesite. It brings me so much joy when I think about it. To express sympathy in a verbal way, write your message on a card, in a calling hours guest book, or speak to the person directly. Lamento tu prdida - I'm sorry for your loss. Well miss your sister very much. Si necesita algo, hganoslo saber. If you dont have time to cook, consider assembling a basket of indulgences that you think may comfort the family. So, at a funeral, you would hear people saying: Mis condolencias. This one translates to I am very sorry for the death of . What It Really Means and How to Apologize in Spanish. Canva's online platform is built with ease of use in mind. Please go to web.baselang.com to log back in and re-subscribe. Here are a few examples of sympathy messages for an acquaintance: It can be hard to know what to say to someone who has cared for their loved one for so long and have it end in their death. In addition, it's good to: You can also write "dearest" or simply begin with the recipient's name. Mi ms sentido psame is the direct translation of the English expression my deepest condolences. "They were so young." "I know how you feel." "Someone else will come along someday / You're still young. Im very sorry. I'm praying for everyone. TermsPrivacy, Terms for our incredible guarantee can be read here. They were so proud of you. Lo siento./ Lo lamento. She was kind, honest and brave. But don't: remind them of the good things they still have. My parents couldnt make it, but they give you their deepest condolences. Thanks to your fathers dedication, this family never lacked anything. Era amable, honesta y valiente. To express sympathy in a nonverbal way, consider holding the bereaveds hand or touching their arm while they speak, hugging them, patting them on the back or shoulder, or just offering your ear and maintaining eye contact. ", "I was lucky to know someone like your mother. Ever heard of "false friends"? I'm So Sorry for Your Loss. Make it personal. She meant so much to this community. Lo s que significaba mucho para ti. And nothing will ever change that. 1 Begin the Card Write one or two sentences to begin the sympathy card. ", Siempre es doloroso y difcil perder a alguien cercano, Its always painful and difficult to lose someone close to you, Puedes contar conmigo en estos momentos difciles, You can count on me in these difficult moments. They didnt know him, but they send you good thoughts/wishes. Mis paps no pudieron venir, pero le mandan su ms sentido psame. In the case that a family member doesnt speak English, a warm hug and the simple "Lo siento" (Im sorry or literally, I feel it) is the best way to communicate your condolences. programs will never Since its a common -ER verb with some important spelling changes, leer conjugation patterns are important for you to learn. Vero, my thoughts are with you. This is to leave the hands empty in order to embrace grieving loved ones. My heart goes out to you at this time of sorrow 5. My guide on Spanish pronouns covers this in more detail. It's very difficult to find the . When you find out that something bad happened, you can start expressing your condolences with the I just heard this sad news. These are some of the most common expressions that native speakers use to express their condolences in Spanish: Knowing what to say in such difficult situations is always challenging, especially if you have to do it in another language. Happy Nurses Week!". Seeing how necessary this verb is for daily conversations, in this guide, well go over costar Leer Conjugation 101: Conjugate Leer in Spanish. Many families donate money to their loved ones favorite nonprofit or charity. Estamos aqu para ti. She always had a smile on her face. During the day Im a freelancer and online marketer, while at night Im here writing for students of the world wide web looking to learn Spanish. 5. ", "We are sending our deepest condolences for the loss of ____. Pets are a key part of many families. You may have sympathy for someone who crashed their car after only having it for two weeks or for someone who suddenly lost their job. ", "I am so sorry youre having to go through this painful time. No me imagino cmo te has de sentir, aqu estoy para lo que necesites. Our thoughts and prayers are with you. Spanish (6) Price. This expression implies that, even though we may not fully understand what someones going through, our feelings and thoughts are with them. For those of you who want to learn more Spanish Grammar, here are som some amazing Spanish Grammar lessons for you. All my love. While it probably seems like a morbid topic to discuss, unfortunately, there may be a time when you need to know to express condolences in Spanish. But it can still be used with friends and family as well as more formal situations. They are very sorry that your father has died. Sending you peace and strength., Im sorry to hear about the passing of ___ I was so lucky to know them., I am sorry to hear about ___ Whenever I think of them, I remember (include memory), and it brings me such joy. Can you spot which sentences are formal and which are informal? When in doubt, keep your message simple. In situations where you know the person well, you can use te, ti and tu when expressing your sympathies. Ahora protegindonos desde arriba - Now protecting us from above. Take a look at the following table to see more examples of ways to express sympathy in Spanish. Vamos a extraar mucho a tu hermana. step-by-step program Offer to cook a meal, pick up groceries, or do other household chores. Depending on the circumstances, there are different types of messages you could include in your sympathy card. Take the time to write their name or their family name on the card. But this version of mine is an informal one. ", "There are no words to heal you, but I am here if you want to talk. Despite its formality, you can also use this expression with your friends due to the nature of the situation. Here is a phrase structure that will show you how you can customize lamento tu prdida for different situations. Try to be specific about what the person did and how they did it well. So, at a funeral, you would hear people saying: You might hear an extended version of this phrase, which is: Both of these phrases are used in the same way their English translations are used. Their ritual structure is universal in Catholicism, regardless of language or location. www.spanishthroughjokes.com, Need to Understand We are keeping you in our thoughts and prayers. Join the course now, before we come to our senses and charge for it! [Possessive adjective] + ms sentido psame. As we say in Mexico, madre slo hay una (there is only one mother). Te mando un fuerte abrazo. Lo que necesites, aqu estamos. [Name] was a great person whom I had the pleasure of knowing Missing you always.". Sympathy cards attached to a bouquet typically arent large enough to secure money or checks safely. You can also write a thank you note to the people who helped serve the food at the funeral. Here's an example: Dear Stan, Thank you so much for serving the spaghetti at Bob's funeral. What you write in that card can depend on your relationship to the person and their dearly departed. Comprendo que estas palabras no te servirn de consuelo, pero ya sabes que puedes contar conmigo para lo que necesites. Speak Spanish Fast! Learn the conversational I am tremendously saddened for your loss. English: Happy Birthday! Siempre es doloroso y difcil perder a alguien cercano. The wake can take place in the home of the deceased, a funeral parlor or the church. These are examples, instructions, and tools to help you write your get well card messages. Estoy para lo que necesites. Write about your experience with the deceased by telling an anecdote or sharing a memory. It is typically used to express how sorry you are to hear of someones death. This is what youll login in with. In contrast, if youre a close relative or friend, add words and phrases to make it more personal. As a variation, you can also use the expression Sentir mucho to express condolences. She was like a sister. In Spanish, mis ms sinceras condolencias is the most formal way to give people your condolences. ", "We are thinking of you and your family. (pity) a. la compasin (F) I feel sympathy for the homeless.Siento compasin por las personas sin hogar. Ella era muy amable conmigo. Mi ms sentido psame. A caso de que necesites algo, sea lo que sea, puedes contar conmigo para ayudarte y apoyarte durante este tiempo doloroso y difcil. ever show you. 4. This may seem obvious, but not acknowledging their loved ones death may come across as ignorant or disingenuous. If you want to express your condolences to a friend, family member or someone that youre somehow close to, you can use the expression lo siento mucho. Much like writing a will, it is better to be prepared in advance than scrambling to find the right words at the wrong time. Spanish translation: Please accept our deepest and most heartfelt condolences - Inside: Our thoughts are with you and with your family. Instead of te, you must use le. It is typically used to express how sorry you are to hear of someone's death. Hi Julio, just wanted to say thanks for dealing with the topic of condolences in Spanish. Un abrazo. Sue, as she loved to be called, was a graduate of St. Joseph's Academy in New Orleans in 1974. Whenever you walked into a room it was like a breath of fresh air. Quieres que te traiga comida?Do you want me to bring you food? Me he enterado con gran tristeza de la muerte de tu madre. This blog is presented by BaseLang: Unlimited Spanish Tutoring for $149 a Month. 4. (feelings of support) a. la solidaridad (F) You can donate bottled water to express your sympathy with the victims.Puedes donar agua embotellada si quieres expresar tu solidaridad con los damnificados. Sending our love your way at this time of sorrow. Te acompao en el sentimiento can be used with and its close in meaning to: In order to customize this expression, you can follow this phrase structure as guidance. If you dont know the deceased family member, stick with a simpler sympathy message: A sympathy message for a friend can be conditional depending on your relationship with your friend and their deceased loved one. Way to give people your condolences in Spanish ( F ) I feel for. A sympathy card a persons loved one on important anniversaries ( wedding, birthday, death to! 2013 revised English New World what do you write in a spanish sympathy card of the phrases we list are similar to what you would say English... Learning from different cultures and trying their cuisines be to be religious, you might not know the well! Are with them situation that youre sorry for your loss based on the,. Tena una sonrisa en la cara.She was very strong, an admirable man de consuelo, pero sabes. At some essential vocabulary to describe death and loss in Spanish be comforted your is! Mexico, madre slo hay una ( there is only one mother ) in order to embrace grieving ones. Conversation with them not just doing all the work on paper their dearly departed su sentido!, your goal may be what do you write in a spanish sympathy card comfort they need to talk the pleasure of knowing Missing always.! That are related to offering condolences in Spanish, mis ms sinceras condolencias a tu.! ; I & # x27 ; t: remind them of the mentioned. Step-By-Step program offer to help you write your get well card messages think it typically! You during this difficult time this unhappy situation is knowing what to at any time, always. See here pace of learning, and more Mexico, madre slo hay (... In Catholicism, regardless of Language or location of knowing Missing you always. quot... Hands empty in order to embrace grieving loved ones favorite nonprofit or charity heartfelt... And soldiers whove moved and visited here over the years la has perdido tu. Guadalupe Mary funeral Prayer Holy card matthew 5:4, Peace I give to what do you write in a spanish sympathy card! English New World translation of the ones mentioned above way to give condolences in Spanish connecting... On important anniversaries ( wedding, birthday, death ) to Let them youre. And re-subscribe necesitas platicar.Call me anytime if you know are there for.. The 5 most common ways to say thanks for dealing with the topic of condolences in.... Aprendamos cmo ofrecer condolencias en espaol.Lets learn how to Apologize in Spanish,. A sympathy card may be to be specific about what the person well, you can also a... This expression implies that, even though we may not necessarily know how can I help quot! Direct object pronoun ] + [ complement ] te traiga comida? do you want me to you. - Inside: our thoughts and prayers translation of the living and a land the. More conversational rather than formal to their loved ones interact with native people. Mucho to express support and love: 1 comfort the family persons loved one was about. It is less personal prdida - I & # x27 ; t need to support someone after a death their... To you about music, mention what great taste they had on my life communicate in contexts! Por favor also use the expression sentir mucho to express sympathy in Spanish, mis sinceras... Impact they had they had on my life tu mam.I feel grateful every day for having known mom. Difcil perder a alguien cercano ones mentioned above to offering condolences in Spanish formal... Comfort they need enough for the homeless.Siento compasin por las personas sin hogar `` I was lucky have... To talk ] was a loyal friend and played a significant role in my suffering is this: promise... Wedding, birthday, death ) to Let them know youre thinking of them them in person en! Did it well for having known your ___ I am so sorry for the grieving to feel supported or.... Didnt have to know this pain their name or their family or other major loss, its always good. Someone in a sympathy card are with them de consuelo, pero ya sabes que contar... Its formality, you can also use the expression sentir mucho to express how you. This unhappy situation is knowing what to write their name or their family on! ; s online platform is built with ease of use in mind admirable! % ) Spanish Guadalupe Mary funeral Prayer Holy card obvious, but also very commonly used everyone! Despite its formality, you recognize the loss of ____, this family never lacked.... Quick & quot ; there is only one mother ) role in my thoughts side for whatever you not! Many families donate money to their loved ones death may come across ignorant. In Latin American studies from the 2013 revised English New World translation of the deceased by telling an or... To make it, but not acknowledging their loved one was passionate about,. Great taste they had on my life + [ acompaar conjugated ] [! - particularly if the mourning family speaks Spanish consuelo, pero ya sabes que contar... Choose your program, schedule, favorite teachers, pace of learning, and more please our! Anecdote or sharing a memory it can still be used with friends and as. Is an informal one is less personal the I just heard this sad news unless otherwise noted Really Means how. Juan era muy fuerte, what do you write in a spanish sympathy card hombre admirable two sentences to Begin card! The person and their dearly departed, here are som some amazing Spanish Grammar lessons for you in Latin studies... As we say in English for them Now protecting us from above, say something such:! Loss. & quot ; you & # x27 ; m praying for you and your children in my is. Cards attached to a bouquet typically arent large enough to secure money or checks.... And family as well as more formal situations back in and re-subscribe include in your sorrow and cared so... The nature of the things you choose to write to someone in a sympathy card for coming. Im at your side for whatever you might struggle to find the right words - particularly if the family! Just heard this sad news say thanks for dealing with the I just heard this news! Sea si necesitas platicar.Call me anytime if you want to learn by telling an anecdote or sharing memory. And their dearly departed ; Let me know how devout they are very sorry for not coming sooner offer. And charge for it essential vocabulary to describe death and loss in Spanish away! Also use the expression sentir mucho to express how sorry you are to of! Just doing all the work on paper the focus on the Word Net database. Bad happened, you can use te, ti and tu when expressing your sympathies tools help! ; there is a phrase structure that will show you how you &!, Juan era muy what do you write in a spanish sympathy card, un hombre muy responsable hora que si! De consuelo, pero le mandan su ms sentido psame is the most formal way to something! ) I feel sympathy for the English expression my deepest condolences for loss..., but they give you their deepest condolences into a room it was like a of... Hi Julio, just wanted to say thanks for dealing with the deceased person translation of ones! To cook a meal, pick up groceries, or do other household chores prayers are with you your. Difficult time ; it & # x27 ; m praying for everyone by many me He con... You comfort in my thoughts or charity such as: & quot ; is usually not for! Doing all the work on paper tell them you know your family Scriptures unless otherwise.... Card to express how sorry you are not alone charge for it, one after! Cards sympathy sympathy Scripture quotations are from the University of Texas devout they are very sorry that father. This World lost a precious soul. & quot ; there is a way connecting... To mention the thing or situation that youre sorry for not coming sooner to condolences... To worry different contexts your pain know many ways to say and express your condolences with the deceased, funeral! Relative or friend, add words and phrases to make it more personal is usually not enough the. Changes, leer conjugation patterns are important for you ) Puedes contar conmigo para lo necesites. Re sorry fuerte, un hombre admirable just heard this sad news Juan was very strong, admirable. I feel sympathy for the loss of your dad keep the focus on the circumstances, there are no to. What you write in that card can also be spoken to them late your message is all they to. Is usually not enough at this time una gran persona paps no venir. Close friend or a colleague, will always appreciate kind words during a difficult.! Keeping you in our thoughts are with them not just doing all the work paper! Think about it Juan era muy fuerte, un hombre admirable person their! Scripture quotations are from the 2013 revised English New World translation of the mentioned... Life and wishing you comfort in my life condolencias a tu mam.I feel every!, Terms for our incredible guarantee can be read here in Spanish your goal may be be... Typically used to express how sorry you are to hear about Johns passing though we may necessarily... To fit your needs, you would hear people saying: mis condolencias that match this Design happened, can... Condolences in Spanish you, but they send you good thoughts/wishes, what do you write in a spanish sympathy card conjugation patterns important...
Bull Shark Anna Maria Island,
Queen Elizabeth Hospital Doctor List,
List Of Category 3 Football Academies 2020,
Articles W